JAPANESE REFERENCE

Japanese sentence patterns

Build sentences you can use. Clear explanations, reading, and examples for 16 foundational patterns.

01
SENTENCE PATTERN

Put the predicate at the end

Build a basic sentence with the action after its object.

(Topic は) + object を + verb
02
SENTENCE PATTERN

Hiragana, katakana, and kanji

Learn words with their readings instead of assigning one sound to each kanji.

Written word + kana reading + meaning
03
SENTENCE PATTERN

Count the sound beats

Keep long vowels, small っ, and ん distinct.

One mora ≈ one practice beat
04
SENTENCE PATTERN

は and が: topic and subject

Notice what is being discussed and what information is being introduced.

Topic は + comment · subject が + predicate
05
SENTENCE PATTERN

Nouns with です

Identify someone or something politely.

Noun + です / ではありません / でした
06
SENTENCE PATTERN

の and this/that words

Build noun phrases in the right order.

Modifier の + noun · この / その / あの + noun
07
SENTENCE PATTERN

Ask with か or a question word

Keep the sentence order in basic questions.

Polite sentence + か · question word in its normal position
08
SENTENCE PATTERN

い-adjectives and な-adjectives

Use the correct ending before a noun and at the end of a sentence.

高い本 / 高いです · 静かな町 / 静かです
09
SENTENCE PATTERN

Godan, ichidan, and irregular verbs

Learn the group with each dictionary form.

Godan stem change · ichidan drop る · する / 来る
10
SENTENCE PATTERN

Four basic polite verb forms

Choose time and polarity without a person table.

Stem + ます / ません / ました / ませんでした
11
SENTENCE PATTERN

Plain negatives and past forms

Use plain forms inside grammar as well as casual conversation.

読む / 読まない / 読んだ / 読まなかった
12
SENTENCE PATTERN

The て-form and requests

Connect verbs to useful endings.

て-form + ください / います / もいいですか
13
SENTENCE PATTERN

に, で, へ, and と

Distinguish time, destination, action location, means, and company.

Time に · destination に/へ · action place/means で · companion と
14
SENTENCE PATTERN

There is, and how many

Use existence verbs and learn complete number–counter combinations.

Place に + thing がある / person・animal がいる
15
SENTENCE PATTERN

Action, state, or ability?

Choose ている, a potential form, or ことができる by meaning.

て-form + いる · dictionary form + ことができる
16
SENTENCE PATTERN

Permission, wishes, and plans

Use distinct endings for allowed actions, desires, and intentions.

てもいい · てはいけない · stem + たい · dictionary form + つもり

Search resources and lessons